Which item is NOT a listed consideration for determining proper low-volume application?

• A. Leaf color
• B. Type (Line source drip, Point source drip, Microsprays, mats), Soils, Installation depth, Slope, Plant root zone, Water quality
• C. Water quality
• D. Soils

Answer: (A)

Determining proper low-volume application focuses on how water is delivered and how it interacts with the site and plant root zone. The items that guide design and operation include the type of emitter or distribution method (line source drip, point source drip, microsprays, mats), soils (infiltration rate and water-holding capacity), installation depth (where the emitters sit relative to the root zone and soil surface), slope (affects runoff and uniformity), plant root zone (where water should be applied to meet root uptake), and water quality (influences emitter performance and potential clogging or damage). Leaf color, while useful for assessing plant health, does not determine how to size or place low-volume irrigation: it’s not a parameter used to design or adjust the application.